The Lost Symbol Review Essay Example

The Lost Symbol Review Paper Essay on The Lost Symbol Belief in anything by itself is not more religion. Faith, as they say, no dead case. Therefore, religion begins only where faith and, even more precisely, belief system reinforced by a cult behaviors and necessarily systematic. Otherwise the parishioners are zahozhanami or prohozhanami and scientific statistics the one that looks and evaluates, not wishful thinking, considering such Zakhozhaev not as true believers, as well as natural atheists . Unexpectedly, is not it? This spontaneous atheism knew example Belinsky (see. The letter to Gogol). And all this is because the faith, for example, in the heel of his own, well, or there some code does not fundamentally inferior to any other arbitrarily systematic fantasy, pagan, Christian Mixing religion with science sorry its like retrogradanaya amnesia. Although there are rational in this important moment interest: any social illusions of this sort of Russians are very in price from puppeteers for obvious reasons: it is easier to cop e with the electorate. While it is true noticed that both religion and science forms of social consciousness, but completely different, they are oriented in different ways: the first in the truth, and the second in the interests of different social groups: That old song, renunciation songs, tales about the joys of heaven, She lull silly people, that they did not ask for bread, I know the melody, I know the text and the authors know very well: They drank wine of the house, preaching in public water. Heinrich Heine (1797-1856). (Song of the beggar girl harpist. Translated by Levik) The Lost Symbol Review Essay Example The Lost Symbol Review Paper Essay on The Lost Symbol We must assume that the commercials in 2025. Roberg Langdon finally gets up to Russia. He was still in appearance can be given early forties (medicine marches forward by leaps and bounds, and the first at each step kicks course it Langdon, he might even have and rejuvenate years to thirty, but his occupation is too undignified views) at the beginning we will tell about the list of cities where already gone before the great adventurer Paris, Rome, Washington, Berlin, Istanbul, Beijing, Mexico city, Kyoto, etc. everywhere What to look for Robert ubiquitous in Russia? Well, lets say the notorious nuclear suitcase somewhere in the library of Ivan the Terrible To help him be the girl of average years, a major special on this most libraries a parallel course goes to the library during the fourth hour of the night a terrible maniac, embodies at once all the horrors of American housewives at a time (even then I just do not have enough imagination to imagine defer selection to the author ). First encounter maniac and Langdon occurs through Ghastlier slaughter (and do not think even that he deliberately waited for Roberts arrival in Moscow, not at all, just a coincidence) in the style of most of Ivan the Terrible (and let the fans of the fourth Vasilyevich continue to make noise, he was a kind-hearted people from America this just do not see) someone such. For maniac and Langdon, but always one step behind (the affair should be the place to be) should be the FSB in the face of Porfiry Petrovich. At the end there all along, apparently in the mausoleum, which is But no, we will not disclose all the secrets in advance But in the end what. Dan Browns new feature: the end is something along the length exceeding the epilogue of War and Peace, where we detail to tell the truth about the meaning of life and the general guide to the right path abruptly than any Coelho. It is a pity that while you can read only about Washington. But never mind, we hope that we have all come and Dan !!!

Ofdm-Based Cooperative Communications in a Single Path Relay Network and a Multiple Path Relay Network Essays

Ofdm-Based Cooperative Communications in a Single Path Relay Network and a Multiple Path Relay Network Essays Ofdm-Based Cooperative Communications in a Single Path Relay Network and a Multiple Path Relay Network Essay Ofdm-Based Cooperative Communications in a Single Path Relay Network and a Multiple Path Relay Network Essay In this thesis, we investigate cooperation by applying OFDM signals to cooperative relay networks. We consider the single path relay network and the multiple path relay network. Using the amplify-and-forward relay algorithm, we derive the input-output relations and mutual informations of both networks. Using a power constraint at each relay, we consider two relay power allocation schemes.The ? rst is constant gain allocation, where the amplifying gain used in the amplify-and-forward algorithm is constant for all subcarriers. The second is equal power allocation, where each subcarrier transmits the same power. The former scheme does not require CSI (channel state information), while the latter one does. We simulate the mutual informations using the two relay power allocation schemes. Results indicate that equal power allocation gives a slightly higher mutual information for the single path relay network. For the multiple path network, the mutual information is practically the same for both schemes.Using the decode-and-forward relay algorithm, we derive the inputoutput relations for both networks. The transmitter and each relay are assumed to have uniform power distributions in this case. We simulate the BER (bit error rate) and WER (word error rate) performance for the two networks using both the amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward relay algorithms. For the single path relay network, amplify-andforward gives very poor performance, because as we increase the distance between the transmitter and receiver (and thus, add more relays), more noise and channel distortion enter the system. Decode-and-forward gives signi? antly better performance because noise and channel distortion are eliminated at each relay. For the multiple path relay network, decode-and-forward again gives better performance than amplify-and-forward. However, the performance gains are small compared to the single path relay network case.Therefore, amplify-and-forward may be a more attractive choice due to its lower complexity. ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Wireless communication systems inherently su? er from multipath propagation and channel fading. Time diversity, space diversity, frequency diversity [8], and combinations of the three are traditionally used to combat these e? cts. More recently, relays situated between the transmitter and receiver are also being exploited to improve information transfer. The relays are a network of transceiver nodes between the transmitter and receiver that facilitate the transfer of information. Thus, the relay network as a whole is an equivalent channel between the transmitter and receiver. This type of scheme is known as cooperation or cooperative communications in the literature because the relay network is cooperating with the transmitter and receiver to improve performance.In this thesis, we consider cooperation in the context of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. 1. 1 Motivation The motivation for cooperati ve communications is obvious. Cellular phones, laptops and personal digital assistants (PDAs) are just three examples of wireless devices that are very prevalent today. These transceiver devices usually communicate independently from each other. As the authors in [6] note, this is wasting the broadcast nature of the wireless medium.For example, if a base station is communicating with a user’s cellular phone, his/her nearby laptop has the capability to receive the base station’s signals and relay them to the phone, improving the end-to-end performance of the base station-phone link. Unfortunately, laptops and cellular phones today are not designed this way. This illustration is an example of an ad-hoc network, where nodes spontaneously recognize each other and cooperate. In this thesis, we investigate structured networks, where each node knows the existence of all the other nodes a priori.Whether the nodes discover each other through an ad-hoc algorithm or they are pre- programmed to have this knowledge is beyond the scope 1 of this thesis. 1. 2 Related Literature The authors in [10], [11] have considered cooperation between intra-cell users in a code division multiple access (CDMA) cellular network. In this case, cooperation results in higher data rates and leads to lower power requirements for users. As well, the system is less sensitive to channel variations. Relaying of signals, as viewed from the physical layer, is not a trivial issue. The authors in [5], [6], [7] have provided several physical layer relay algorithms.These include amplifyand-forward, decode-and-forward and selection relaying. In amplify-and-forward, a node ampli? es its receive symbol, subject to a power constraint, before re-transmitting to the next node. This algorithm is obviously with low complexity. In decode-and-forward, a node fully decodes a symbol, re-encodes it and then re-transmits it. In other words, this scheme attempts to eliminate channel distortion and noise at each node. In selection relaying, a node only re-transmits a symbol if the measured receiving channel gain is above a certain threshold.If the threshold is not reached, the relay requests a re-transmission from the sender. In networking terminology, this is a type of automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheme. The authors in [6], [7] have investigated cooperation for the classical relay channel introduced in [1], [7]. Outage probability is used to characterize performance. Outage probability is the probability that the mutual information between the transmitter and receiver does not reach a certain throughput threshold. Without cooperation, the outage probability decays proportionally with 1/SNR, where SNR is the signal-to-noise ratio of the channel.Using cooperation and the amplify-and-forward scheme, the outage probability decays proportionally with 1/SNR2 , achieving full diversity. This results in large power savings for the transmitter. The authors in [3], [4] have investigated coo peration for a single path of relays connected in series. The motivation for this network structure is that broader wireless coverage can be achieved, while still maintaining a low power constraint at the transmitter. The authors consider analog relaying and digital relaying as two possible relay algorithms. These are 2 equivalent to the amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward algorithms, respectively.A power budget is considered where each packet travelling through the network is only allowed to consume a total ? xed amount of power. As well, each node has a certain transmit power limit. The outage probability is then minimized by allocating power among the relay network under these power constraints. This power allocation accounts for the channel conditions in the network in order to achieve the optimal outage probability. Simulations indicate that 2 dB of total power can be saved for 5 relays by using optimal power allocation instead of uniform power allocation. This is for th e decode-and-forward case.However, at high SNR values, the decode-and-forward case approximates the amplify-and-forward case. The authors in [13] have investigated cooperation for multiple paths of relays connected in parallel. In the conventional scheme, all relays participate using amplify-and-forward. This is called all-participate amplify-and-forward (AP-AF). The authors also consider an algorithm where only one relay is selected in the transmission to maximize the mutual information. This is called selection amplify-and-forward (S-AF). S-AF selects the relay which results in the maximum mutual information between transmitter and receiver.Simulations of outage probability indicate that 5 dB of SNR can be saved for 3 relays by using S-AF instead of AP-AF. The authors in [9] derive symbol error probabilities for multiple paths of relays. 1. 3 OFDM in Cooperative Communications In this thesis, we continue to investigate cooperation by applying OFDM signals to cooperative relay netw orks. We consider a single path relay network and a multiple path relay network. Using the amplify-and-forward relay algorithm, we derive the input-output relations and the mutual informations of both networks. Using a power constraint at each relay, we consider two relay power allocation schemes.The ? rst is constant gain allocation, where the amplifying gain used in the amplify-and-forward algorithm is constant for all subcarriers. The second is equal power allocation, where each subcarrier transmits the same power. We simulate the mutual informations using these two relay power allocations. Using the decode-and-forward relay algorithm, we derive input-output relations for both 3 networks. We simulate bit error rates (BERs) and word error rates (WERs) for the two networks using both the amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward relay algorithms. 1. 4Organization of Thesis The thesis is organized as follows. In Chapter 2, we consider the single path relay network in [3], [4]. In C hapter 3, we consider a modi? ed version of the multiple path relay network in [13] where the transmitter-receiver direct link is removed. Notice that these latter two relay con? gurations are series and parallel analogs of each other. As well, they do not involve a direct link between the transmitter and receiver. Finally, Chapter 4 concludes the thesis and provides future research directions. 4 CHAPTER II SINGLE PATH RELAY NETWORK 2. 1 2. . 1 Amplify-and-Forward System Model Figure 1 shows the single path relay network. In the ? gure, r0 is the transmitter, rm+1 is the receiver, and r1 , . . . , rm are m relay nodes connected in series forming a single path link between the transmitter and receiver. The relays perform amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying. We assume that OFDM with N subcarriers is used in the system. hk , . . . , hk (0) (m) (0) are the complex subchannel gains at the kth subcarrier in the link, for (m) k = 1 to N . nk , . . . , nk are the corresponding noises, which a re assumed to be mutually ndependent, zero-mean, circular symmetric complex Gaussians all with variance N0 B/N , where N0 is the power spectral density of the underlying continuous time noise process and B is the OFDM bandwidth of the system. Let pk = Ptot /N be the transmitter power on (l) the kth subcarrier, where Ptot is the net transmitter power. Let pk be the amplifying gain used in the amplify-and-forward algorithm at the lth relay, for l = 1 to m. The kth (0) receive symbol at rl is ampli? ed by pk before it is forwarded to the next node. (l) Let xk be the kth transmit symbol with zero mean and unit variance.Let yk be the kth receive symbol at the receiver. Using Figure 1, the input-output relation is (0) nk r1 nk hk (1) (m? 1) nk (m) rm+1 r0 hk (0) hk (m? 1) rm hk (m) Receiver Transmitter Figure 1: Single Path Relay Network 5 m yk = i=0 (i) hk (i) pk m xk + j=0 ? ? m (i) hk i=j+1 where we assume r i=q a(i) = 1 for q gt; r and any a(i) . We use this assumption throughout (i) (j) pk ? n k , ? (1) the rest of this paper. If we de? ne m hk = i=0 hk (i) pk , ? k = i=j+1 (i) (j) m hk (i) pk , (i) (2) ?k = and ?k (0)  ·  ·  · ? k (m) , nk = nk (0)  ·  ·  · nk (m) T , (3) wk = ? k nk , then (1) can be written as yk = hk xk + wk .Now, consider the variance of wk . Using (2), (3), and (4), we have Rw k w k ? = E [wk wk ] (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (i) (i) bk p k ? , = E ? k nk nH ? H k k = ? k E nk nH ? H k k = N0 B N m j=0 ? m where E [ ·] is the expectation operator, ( ·)? is the complex conjugate operator for a scalar, ( ·)H is the Hermitian (complex transpose) operator for a vector or matrix, and bk = hk (i) (i) 2 ? i=j+1 ? (9) , for i = 0 to m. Rwk wk is positive for a nonzero N0 . We de? ne a transformed version of the system in (5) ? yk = hk xk + wk , ? ? (10) 6 ? where yk = yk / Rwk wk , hk = hk / Rwk wk , and wk = wk / Rwk wk .The variances of wk ? ? ? and yk are ? E [wk wk ] = E ? = wk Rwk wk ? wk Rw k w k (11) (12) (13) Rw k w k Rw k w k = 1 and E [? k yk ] = E y ? hk xk + wk ? ? hk xk + wk ? ? (14) (15) ? ? = hk h? + 1 k = 1 Rw k w k m i=0 bk p k (i) (i) + 1, (16) ? ? respectively. The cross terms do not appear in (16) because hk , wk , and xk are mutually independent. Note that the transformed system has unit variance noise. 2. 1. 2 Mutual Information To derive the mutual information, note that the di? erential entropy of a circular symmetric complex Gaussian vector, v, with covariance matrix, K, is h (v) = log2 det (? eK) [2].When the circular symmetric complex Gaussian is a scalar, v, the di? erential entropy is 2 2 h (v) = log2 ? e? v , where ? v is the variance of v. Let Ik be the mutual information between the transmitter and receiver on the kth subcarrier Ik = h (? k ) ? h (wk ) y ? = log2 ? e = log2 1 Rwk wk 1 Rw k w k m i=0 m i=0 (17) bk p k bk p k (i) (i) (i) (i) +1 ? log2 (? e) (18) (19) +1 , where the ? rst equality comes from basic mutual information calculations [1]. The total mutual information betwe en the transmitter and receiver, I, is the sum of all Ik divided by N . That is, after substituting (9) into (19), we have I = 1 N NIk k=1 (20) 7 = 1 N N k=1 log2 ? 1 + SNR ? T ? ? bk (0) (i) (i) m i=1 bk pk (i) (i) m i=j+1 bk pk m j=0 , (21) where SNR = Ptot /N0 B. If we denote b(i) = for i = 0 to m and T b1 (i)  ·  ·  · bN (i) and p(i) = p1 (i)  ·  ·  · pN (i) T , (22) eN = 1  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 1 N ones , (23) then (21) can be written in matrix form. First, let m zsingle = b(0) ? ? i=1 b(i) ? p(i) where the ? and ? operators both represent element-wise matrix multiplication and the ? /? ? m j=0 ? m i=j+1 b(i) ? p(i) , (24) ?/ operator represents element-wise matrix division. Then, (21) in matrix form is I= 1 T e log2 eN + SNR zsingle , N N (25) here log2 ( ·) of a vector is the vector of the logarithms of the vector’s entries. 2. 1. 3 Relay Power Allocation We assume that the net transmit power at the transmitter and at each each relay is Ptot . At the transmit ter, we assume a uniform power distribution, that is, pk (0) = Ptot /N . To (l) derive the power constraint at each relay and thus, possible power allocations, consider vk , the kth transmit symbol of rl vk = (l) (l) pk ? ? l? 1 i=0 N hk (i) pk (l) 2 (i) l? 1 xk + j=0 ? ? l? 1 i=j+1 hk (i) (i) (j) pk ? n k ? . ? ? (26) The constraint is Ptot = k=1 N E ? vk . Thus, l? 1 j=0 (l) (0) P Ptot = pk ? k tot N k=1 l? 1 i=1 bk p k (i) (i) N0 B + N ? ? l? 1 i=j+1 (i) (i) bk pk (27) 8 or pk ? (0) bk N k=1 N (l) ? l? 1 i=1 (i) (i) bk p k Note that (28) is de? ned recursively. The power constraint for pk depends on pk , . . . , pk pk is the base case in the recursion, which follows from (28), when l = 1. (1) 1 l? 1 ? l? 1 (i) (i) b p = 1. + SNR j=0 i=j+1 k k (l) ? (28) (1) (l? 1) . (l) One power allocation at the lth relay is to set pk constant for all subcarriers. This results in moving pk in (28) out of the summation because it is no longer a function of k pk,ct = pct = (l) (l) (l) N SNRN k=1 ? We call this constant gain allocation (CT). Note that this power allocation does not require each relay to have any CSI (channel state information). The lth relay only has to multiply its entire OFDM receive symbol by a constant, pct , such that the total transmit power is (l) ?SNRb(0) k l? 1 i=1 (i) (i) bk pct l? 1 + j=0 ? ? l? 1 i=j+1 (i) (i) bk pct . (29) Ptot . We call constant gain capacity, Cct , as the mutual information in (25) resulting from this power allocation. A second power allocation is to choose pk such that every subcarrier transmits the same power at the lth relay.The transmit power on the kth subcarrier is the kth summand on the right hand side of (27). Since they are all equal to Ptot /N , we have Ptot (l) (0) P = pk,eq ? bk tot N N pk,eq = SNRbk (0) (l) (l) ? l? 1 i=1 (i) (i) bk pk,eq N0 B + N l? 1 j=0 ? ? l? 1 i=j+1 or (i) (i) bk pk,eq (30) SNR l? 1 i=1 bk pk,eq (i) (i) l? 1 + j=0 ? ? l? 1 i=j+1 We call this equal power allocation (EQ). Note that this power allocation does require each relay to have the CSI of its upstream channels. We call equal power capacity, Ceq , as the mutual information in (25) resulting from this power allocation. 2. 1. 4 Capacity Simulations k pk,eq ? (i) (i) ?. (31) We simulate Cct and Ceq assuming that all distances between any two adjacent transceiver nodes are the same. Therefore, all path loss e? ects are normalized to 0 dB. Shadowing 9 between nodes is assumed to be log-normally distributed. That is, the received power gain due to shadowing in dB is a zero-mean Gaussian with variance of 8 dB, which is typical for cellular land mobile applications [12]. We model frequency selective fading e? ects as Typical Urban (TU) channels and Hilly Terrain (HT) channels [12]. We use an OFDM bandwidth of 800 kHz divided into N = 128 equal blocks.Maintaining OFDM orthogonality, this translates into an OFDM symbol period of Ts = 160  µs. Results are shown in Figures 2 and 3. The plots exhibit the familiar monot onically increasing shape for mutual information in the case of direct transmission between a transmitter and receiver. This is expected if we look at the mutual information in (25). We can think of this con? guration as still being direct transmission where the channel is the single path relay network, characterized by zsingle . Note that zsingle also determines the power allocations in the relays.In other words, (25) is a system level representation of the mutual information. As we increase the distance between the transmitter and receiver (and thus, add more relays), more noise and channel distortion enter the system. Consequently, the mutual information decreases. Equal power allocation results in a slightly higher mutual information than that of constant gain allocation. TU channels and HT channels give very similar results. 2. 2 2. 2. 1 Decode-and-Forward System Model In decode-and-forward (DF), each relay fully recovers the information bits (with possible errors) after receiv ing an OFDM symbol.It then converts the information bits back into an OFDM symbol and then transmits it. The transmitter and all the relays transmit with the same uniform power distribution. That is, pk = pk = for k = 1 to N and for l = 1 to m. (l) (0) Let xk be the kth transmit symbol from the transmitter and xk be the kth transmit (m+1) be the symbol from the lth relay, all with with zero mean and unit variance. Let yk (0) (l) Ptot , N (32) 10 8 7 8 Cct Ceq 7 Cct Ceq Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (a) m=1 8 7 8 SNR (dB) (b) m=2 Cct CeqCct Ceq 7 Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (c) m=3 SNR (dB) (d) m=4 Figure 2: Capacity in a single path relay network with TU channels using AF. N = 128, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4. 11 8 7 8 Cct Ceq 7 Cct Ceq Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (a) m=1 8 7 8 SNR (dB) (b) m=2 Cct Ceq Cct Ceq 7 Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (c) m=3 SNR (dB) (d) m=4Figure 3: Capacity in a single path relay network with HT channels using AF. N = 128, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4. 12 output 1 input output 2 output 3 Figure 4: Convolutional encoder. kth receive symbol at the receiver and yk be the kth receive symbol at the lth relay. Using (l) Figure 1, the input-ouput relation at the lth relay is yk = hk (l) (l? 1) Ptot (l? 1) (l? 1) + nk . x N k (33) The input-output relation at the receiver is yk (m+1) = hk (m) Ptot (m) (m) + nk . x N k (34) 2. 3 BER and WER Simulations We simulate bit error rates (BERs) and word error rates (WERs) for both the amplify-andforward and decode-and-forward cases.At the transmitter (and at the transmitter structure of a relay using decode-and-forward), each information word contains 83 bits. Using the convolutional encoder shown in Figure 4, the information word is encoded into a 255 bit codeword. A zero bit is padded at the end to make 256 bits. The bits are then interleaved and modulated onto N = 128 QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) subcarriers to form one OFDM symbol. At the receiver (and at the receiver structure of a relay using decodeand-forward), the codeword is recovered (with possible errors) using a matched ? lter and 13 deinterleaving.A Viterbi decoder is used to decode the codeword. Both hard decisions and soft decisions are used. We assume that all distances between any two adjacent transceiver nodes are the same. Therefore, all path loss e? ects are normalized to 0 dB. Shadowing is assumed to be lognormally distributed. That is, the received power gain due to shadowing in dB is a zero-mean Gaussian with variance of 8 dB, which is typical for cellular land mobile applications [12]. We model frequency selective fading as Typical Urban (TU) channels and Hilly Terrain (HT) channels [12]. We use an OFDM bandwidth of 800 kHz divided into N = 128 equal blocks.Maintaining OFDM orthogonality, this translates into an OFDM symbol period of Ts = 160  µs. 2. 3. 1 Amplify-and-Forward The BER versus SNR and WER versus SNR plots for a single path relay network with TU channels using amplify-and-forward are shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. The corresponding plots for HT channels are shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively. As expected, soft decisions in Viterbi decoding give better performance than hard decisions. In particular, there is up to 4 dB of SNR gain for the constant gain allocation and m = 1 case, as shown in Figures 5(a), 6(a), 7(a), and 8(a).In general, using hard decisions with constant gain allocation results in the worst performance. Soft decisions with equal power allocation gives the best performance, except for the m = 1 case, where soft decisions with constant gain allocation is slightly better. As w e increase the distance between the transmitter and receiver (and thus, add more relays), more noise and channel distortion enter the system. Consequently, the error rate (BER and WER) performance becomes worse and as a result, all four curves are very close together at low to medium SNR values. TU channels and HT channels give very similar results. . 3. 2 Decode-and-Forward The BER versus SNR and WER versus SNR plots for a single path relay network with TU channels using decode-and-forward are shown in Figures 9 and 10, respectively. The 14 10 0 10 0 10 ?1 10 ?1 BER 10 ?2 BER hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?2 10 ?3 10 ?3 10 ?4 10 ?4 hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (a) m=1 10 0 SNR (dB) (b) m=2 10 0 10 ?1 10 ?1 BER 10 ?2 BER ard, constant gain allocati on hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?2 10 ?3 10 ?3 10 ?4 10 ?4 hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (c) m=3 SNR (dB) (d) m=4 Figure 5: BER in a single path relay network with TU channels using AF. N = 128, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4. 15 10 0 10 0 WER 10 ?1 WER hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 1 10 ?2 10 ?2 hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (a) m=1 10 0 SNR (dB) (b) m=2 10 0 WER 10 ?1 WER hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?1 10 ?2 10 ?2 hard, constant gain alloc ation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (c) m=3 SNR (dB) (d) m=4 Figure 6: WER in a single path relay network with TU channels using AF.N = 128, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4. 16 10 0 10 0 10 ?1 10 ?1 BER 10 ?2 BER hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?2 10 ?3 10 ?3 10 ?4 10 ?4 hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (a) m=1 10 0 SNR (dB) (b) m=2 10 0 10 ?1 10 ?1 BER 10 ?2 BER hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?2 10 ?3 10 ?3 10 4 10 ?4 hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR ( dB) (c) m=3 SNR (dB) (d) m=4 Figure 7: BER in a single path relay network with HT channels using AF. N = 128, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4. 17 10 0 10 0 WER 10 ?1 WER hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?1 10 ?2 10 ?2 hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24SNR (dB) (a) m=1 10 0 SNR (dB) (b) m=2 10 0 WER 10 ?1 WER hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?1 10 ?2 10 ?2 hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (c) m=3 SNR (dB) (d) m=4 Figure 8: WER in a single path relay network with HT channels using AF. N = 128, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4. 18 10 0 10 0 hard soft ?1 ? 1 hard soft 10 10 BER 10 ?2 BER 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?2 10 ?3 0 ?3 10 ?4 10 ?4 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (a) m=1 10 0 SNR (dB) (b) m=2 10 0 hard soft ?1 ? 1 hard soft 10 10 BER 10 ?2 BER 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?2 10 ?3 10 ?3 10 ?4 10 ?4 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (c) m=3 SNR (dB) (d) m=4 Figure 9: BER in a single path relay network with TU channels using DF. N = 128, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4. corresponding plots for HT channels are shown in Figures 11 and 12, respectively. As expected, soft decisions in Viterbi decoding give better performance than hard decisions. In particular, there is up to 5 dB of SNR gain, as shown in the plots.As we increase the distance between the transmitter and receiver (and thus, add more relays), more noise and channel distortion enter the system. However, the error rate (BER and WER) performance su? ers only slightly as m increases. TU channels and HT channels give very similar results. 2. 3. 3 Comparison The BER versus SNR and WER versus SNR plots for a single path relay network with TU channels using amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward are shown in Figures 13 and 19 10 0 10 0 hard soft hard soft WER 10 ?1 WER 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?1 10 ?2 10 ?2

Describing Arizona SB1070(2010) Base on Political Conservatives View Essay

Describing Arizona SB1070(2010) Base on Political Conservatives View - Essay Example Liberal Beliefs. n.d.). Based on many debatable facts, the conservatives hugely support SB 1070 and describe it as positive step towards the betterment of the sate. The Fountain Hills State Representative, John Kavanagh is a strong advocate of Arizona SB 1070 and explains that the illegal immigrants are a significant problem. With considerable numbers of illegal immigrants within a population of 6 million in Arizona, we also look at the children eligible for availing government services (e.g. education). Since they were born here and are more deserving for these services, it becomes increasingly assuring that illegal immigrants should be driven out (Murphy 2012). Conservative Southern part of Tucson and Cochise County Representative, Ted Vogt has also described Arizona SB 1070 as being positive step since he believes reduced spending from the Government towards illegal immigrants is really important for the economy and the SB 1070 advocates this. Citing an official Government website, he had stated that the illegal immigration has costed to be around 900 million to 2 billion. The issue of illegal immigrants sweeping majority of the workforce also sparked some reservations which led to Arizona SB 1070 being supported. Russell Pearce’s support for SB 1070 is reflected when he stated that he believed that the illegal immigrants were reducing job opportunities for legal immigrants (Murphy 2012). The conservatives are also speaking in the favour of Arizona SB 1070 because; they believe that the crime is more rampant amongst the illegal immigrants. Representative Kavanagh made substantial claims using ‘Center for Immigration Studies report’ that, 8.9% of the population constitutes of illegal immigrants and are held responsible for 21.8% of the crime taking place in Maricopa city. Based on his experience doing an internship at US attorney

Co-Integration, Causality and Export-Led Growth in Portugal Article

Co-Integration, Causality and Export-Led Growth in Portugal - Article Example In the current study firstly, the Augmented Dicky Fuller (ADF) test is used for finding the order of integration between the two data series. Secondly, the Johansen maximum likelihood estimates are used for testing co-integration. Thirdly, the standard Granger-type test is adapted by using lag residual of the co-integrating regression model. Lag length for Granger causality test is determined by minimizing the Akaike’s Final Prediction Error (FPE). The data used in this study comprise annual secondary data of GDP and Exports values in Portugal between 1835 to1985 time period. The base year has been selected since 1914 for calculating the real prices. Statistical estimates of ADF test showed that log GDP and log Exports are 1(1) while the first difference of the level variables is 1(0). The trace statistics of the Johansen maximum likelihood is used to conclude that real GDP and real Exports values of Portugal are co-integrated and causally related. Four lags of the dependent variable are used in this model. Based on FPE criteria Granger causality test structure is determined as m=3, n=2, q=3, and r=4. Accordingly, the Wald test statistics of the Granger causality test rejected the null hypothesis in favor of reverse causality. Thus economic growth has caused export growth in Portugal during 1835 to1985 time period. The first section of the paper describes the concept of autocorrelation in relation to conventional research studies of applied economics. Autocorrelation or serial correlation is a common condition found in time series data. In OLS estimation residual is assumed to be independently distributed and does not contain any long run correlations. Thus in the presence of autocorrelation OLS estimates are not associated with minimum variance. Nevertheless, autocorrelation is not considered as a fatal statistical issue in econometrics analyses.  

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 28

Research Paper Example Many societies around the world suffer from poverty as a result of poor methods of sustainable development in the past(DeNavas-Walt and Proctor, 11). Poverty in various societies around the world is rooted from cultural and historical events. For instance, Poverty in America is portrayed by economic inflation created in the transition from the period after the American Revolution which was inspired by rebuilding strategies as the nation had undergone through a massive loss of lives and property worth billions of dollars. This document looks at the difference and similarities depicted in the transition with a comparison to Orwell’s concept of poverty as written in â€Å"Down and Out in Paris and London.† Orwell’s â€Å"Down and Out in Paris and London,† is a reflection of the current poverty state in some parts of the United States as it consists of similar events which link the 20th and 21st century. Down and Out in Paris and London,† is George Orwell’s story about the poverty state of immigrants living in Paris and London. In the story, the narrator tells the challenges that befall foreigners when in search for employment in a foreign land. He acquired his first job as a dishwasher in one of the hotels in Paris where employees who were mostly foreigners worked for twelve hours each day of the week with little pay. This made him live in a small and inveterately dirty room as there were no maids to clean the room since they were extremely cheap. The narrator’s place of residence depicted poverty in the immigrant society as most of his neighbours were foreigners from different countries in Europe with few coming from other continents around the world. The narrator describes the condition of the room in which he lived while in Paris saying, â€Å"The walls were as thin as matchwood, and to hide the cracks they had been covered with layer after layer of pink pap er, which had come loose and housed

Strategic Human Resources Planning in Healthcare

Strategic Human Resources Planning in Healthcare Strategic Human Resources Planning Executive summary A family group of companies dealing in pharmaceuticals has been in operation for decades distributing medical supplies such as syringes and bandages to different hospitals in their region. The company has established a reputation for itself, owing to the quality products and reliable services it offers the local hospitals. The companys success over the years can be attributed to its dedicated team of employees that has established a family like environment for its staff ensuring prolonged retention of its employees. The company also attributes its success to a dedicated customer satisfaction policy, which went to great lengths to ensure the needs of their customers are satisfied. The companys experience has grown over the years and with it, there has been a development in growth of their business network, whereby, the company supplies its products to hundreds of hospitals across Canada that has seen it open branches in different locations across the country. Background of Management/ Problem Statement Over the years, the business has been under the stewardship of the founders, who are mainly members of the same family. Being a small company only serving local hospitals, the company has experienced nothing but success among its workforce. However, with the expansion of company and the ever-changing technologies in medical field continues creating need for change not only in the products the company supplies but also in staff and management approaches. These changes have led the company to promote some of their existing staff or hire new ones to meet the demands in the changing market. Nonetheless, the companys human resources department is clouded with issues as the role of the department has grown to more than an amateur department for a small company. The troubled HR department is now experiencing staff departures and falling earnings. As such, the company needs to establish a human resource strategy to help create a balance between the employee and employer needs ensuring sustai nability of the business in the end. Project Stakeholders Roles and Responsibilities Managing Director Bill seats at the top of the company management chain, he owns the company and thus, all decisions that are made for the organization will need his blessing before they can be put into play. Project Directors These different directors within the company plan direct and oversee different projects ensuring the deliverables are reached as defined in the project goals. The directors also maintain accountability for the management of the company resources assigned to the project. Quality Managers They manage products and the process quality activities of the different project and offer an insight of the project health by offering a review of the process, product activities, and the required standards. Therefore, quality managers are vital to the human resources department especially towards activities of training needs analysis, training, hiring of skilled staff. Employees Employees are an important part of implementing change within an organization, since the changes to be implemented will mainly affect them directly. Therefore, as part of creating a strategic human resource plan, it will be important to seek what changes the employees would like to see, be it technological, managerial, work schedules, and other workplace related issues influencing productivity. Operations Lead These are the individuals mandated with the overseeing of different operations of a new system, as well as monitoring and managing operations and resolutions of operations support issues. The operations leads are an important part of change within the organization, as they will play a key role towards implementing new management software that is needed for the human resource department. Approaches to Solving the Human Resources Issues Labor Relations According to Noe et al (2006), worker labor relations are dedicated to endorsing operative fairness, and specialized associations between a corporation and its personnel. Through effective labor relations, the company will be able to solve various problems it is faced with including among others establishing awell-organizedfabrication of goods. At the same time, the labor relations will allow a determination of satisfactory terms and circumstances of service considering both the good of the proprietor, personnel, and as well as the society via agreements reached through negations. Thus, strategic plan to use labor relations will establish stable and harmonious relations between the Family Company and its employees, and between them and their society. Labor relations also go a long way towards establishing mechanisms of communication within the organization. In addition, the practice establishes channels of consultation and collaboration to determine workplace matters at the industrial level through agreed harmony. The family company is faced with numerous disputes between its management and the employees, labor relations can be used to mitigate these disputes to aid in the settlement and future avoidance through negotiations and dispute settlement mechanisms. The process would go a long way towards the provision of social protection where it might be needed especially in areas of social security, child labor, safety, and health (Noe et al, 2006). Talent Management and Staff Development The organization has been in constant need of a human resource assistant to deal with growing workforce and ensure the needs and work schedules of the employees are in order. This objective could be attained through talent management in the company. According to McCauley and Wakefield (2006), capacity supervision is assignment critical procedure that sees to it that an organization has the quality and amount of individuals in place to meet their existing and impending business urgencies. In line with this staff development process, the company will cover all the key aspects of the employees life covering the selection process, the growth, succession, and the management of performances. The Family Medical Group Company can thus have talent management as part of their human resource strategic plan ensuring the human resource department always has a clear understanding of the organizations prevailing and future operational strategies. The organization will also from time to time be able to identify any gaps arising between the current talent and that required to attain business success. In addition, running a talent management plan will ensure the firm is accurate in hiring and promotions decisions it undertakes. Finally, the human resources team will easily  connect individual goals to corporate goals providing organizational expectations and offer feedback to aid manage performance (McCauley and Wakefield, 2006). Work Design/ Classification Organizations can employ the high relationship prevailing between employee satisfaction with the work environment, which includes the rules, technology in use, and the office design to attain organizational success. Where new employees join the company, design can be employed to ease transition to the new work environment for the new employee and enhance productivity. Under the work design, the firm should get rid of disruptions and offer its employees a comfortable environment that support their needs in the process transforming attitudes about work and increase output and efficiency (Enz and Siguaw, 2000). The companys revenues have been decreasing, for the human resources department to save this situation, it has to maximize the intellectual capital and to do this, it has to establish effective work processes, and through an environment, that supports it. According to do Enz and Siguaw(2000), where an efficient work environment has been created and the staffs are proud of it, then consequently job performances improve. In addition, work environments that are known to adopt work designs that are supportive of the way people need to work, it strengthens morale and promotes a positive attitude about their duties and enhances productivity. Performance Management This is a procedure of fashioning workplace setting where individuals can accomplish tasks to the best of their capacities. Thus, performance management commences when the job is defined as needed. The process is a collaboration between the employer and employees making major interaction opportunity with the employees a learning occasion. Developing a performance management plan is vital to the human resources department of the firm since it contributes establishing an employee recruitment plan, allowing the firm to recruit potential employees in the process. Implementing a performance management plan will bring various advantages including creating job specification and it aligns the firms strategic organization and culture, offers an accurate picture of the different employees performances. The process will also make for collaborative process geared towards setting goals and review performances following a two-way communication channel between the firm and its staff. The plan will monitor and measure results and behaviors, including issuing feedback on the different tasks carried out with the firm. Where there are, training needs, the plan creates training and development opportunities, and most importantly, it identifies areas of poor performance and establishes plans to improve these areas (Den Hartog et al, 2004). Organization Development According to Cummings and Worley (2014), where organizational development is part of a strategic human resources the organization will benefit by further strengthening its leadership capabilities of the firms supervisory personnel. Organization Development will increase the organizations capacity to a well manage assortment and identify natural differences that exist at the workstation, the process will go a long way towards employees skills, create accountability, and offer resources that will enable the organization create long-term sustainable change. The process of organizational development will help reduce the staff turnover rate, work on the low staff morale reported by the managers, fight the prevailing inability to effectively communicate throughout the organization, and work on the disconnection between the supervision and the staff. In addition, organization development will play a part to train employees for career development, providing flexible learning options by encouraging employees to engage self-learning and engage in development activities,  and build trust between the staff and the leadership in the organization. The plan will also help the human resources department in matching the various available learning options to different learning styles (Cummings and Worley, 2014). Training Needs Analysis According to Brown (2002), operative training needs analysis is predominantly important in the modern day changing work environment as new machineries and elastic working performance are prevalent, that correspond to changes in the skills and abilities. Training needs analysis will enable the firm to station funds into the zones where they will underwrite to the expansion and enhancing drive among the employees. As well, the employees will need to be trained to bridge the existing skill gap and training needs analysis is important for an effective training program. Through training needs analysis, the organization will be able to channel its available resources to areas where they will be able to contribute to employee development in the process enhancing productivity at the workplace. Ensuring training needs analysis is part of the strategic human resource plan will ensure the organization priorities are put into consideration and economies of scale are attained. Additionally, the firm will have an opportunity to consider its future needs, and develop monitoring techniques to use within the organization. The investigation will help the organization to investigate unexpected problems and indicate where gaps exist within the organization. This part of the plan will aid in establishing the level of need, and come up with a plan to mitigate the need by considering the kind of training that will be most appropriate (Brown, 2002). Staff Acquisition The top management in the firm will negotiate with functional and department managers to identify and assign resources in line with the firms project organization structure. In addition, the plan will identify external sources and mechanisms to hire new project sources, and allow an approval of the project works. The upgrade of the management system will include alliancing with the vendor, in corroboration with the human resource management team. Nonetheless, the vendor will need to transfer his expertise to the staff to ensure the transition of the project transpires (Brown, 2002). Conclusion The strategic human resource plan will go a long way in helping the Family Medical Group of Companies archive its goals. The process will act as the link between the management of the organization and the overall strategic plan of the plan. The strategic plan will aid the organization in meeting their mission, help the organization assess the current human resource capacities, foresee the requirement of the organization, analyze gaps, and come up with strategies that support organization strategies. References Brown, J. (2002). Training needs assessment: A must for developing an effective training program. Public personnel management, 31(4), 569-578. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014). Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Den Hartog, D. N., Boselie, P., Paauwe, J. (2004). Performance management: A model and research agenda. Applied psychology, 53(4), 556-569. Enz, C. A., Siguaw, J. A. (2000). Best practices in human resources. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 41(1), 48-61. McCauley, C., Wakefield, M. (2006).Talent management in the 21st century: Help your company find, develop, and keep its strongest workers. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 29(4), 4. Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., Wright, P. M. (2006).Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage.

Philosophy Of Literacy Instruction Essay -- Teaching Education School

Literacy Defined Literacy embraces reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Integrating all of these into a literacy program is key. Teachers must provide endless and ongoing opportunities for their student to read, write, listen, and speak. There are many components that make up literacy. In order to effectively teach students these components the teacher must model the concept for the students. As teachers, we can't expect or assume that the student already knows what we expect of them. Modeling gives students a basis of what to go by. Modeling is the first and most important step in order for the students to gain mastery of a concept. A teacher must also undergo guided practice with the students. A teacher should always provide as much guided practice that is needed. Students should never move on to independent practice until it is evident that they are ready. For example, I was teaching a guided reading lesson in my EDU 218 classroom, in which my peers were posing as students. The lesson involved the students to complete a story map on a book that they read. Although I knew that the students would be slightly familiar with a story map I still modeled the use of it for them. I modeled the use of the story map based on a book that I knew the students were familiar with. So when the students set out to complete the story map on their own they could recall and look back to the story map that I had modeled for them. It is also important to note that not all students grasp the material at the same time. One student could be ready for independent practice, as another may still need a vast amount of guided practice. There is no need to caution if students are not at the same level, unless of course if there is a real developmental delay. Literature is a key component when speaking of literacy. Teachers need to provide students with endless amounts of practice experiences in reading to build their fluency rate. This should be done with different genres of texts and different levels. Reading a wide variety of literature help children develop rich vocabularies. Phonemic Awareness is very important part of literacy. Phonemic awareness includes sounds of a word, the breakdown of words into sounds. It includes rhyming and alliteration, isolation, counting words in sentences, syllables and phonemes, blending words, segmenting, and manipulating. Pho... ...on my students work so that they know how they are progressing. I will always be sure to hit my instructional focus on the children?s strengths before working on an area of development with the children. I will teach to the objectives and I will teach to the standards. I will make sure that my lessons are hitting on as many standards as possible. Working With Children with Special Needs In my classroom I will make sure that the children with special needs are benefiting from instruction. I will pair this student up with someone who is capable of helping. The student will be getting my instruction as well as help from one of their peers. I will be aware that this student is a learner with special needs and I will teach this student at a level in which he/she is comfortable. I will make sure I am aware of everything that I can about this student?s special needs. I will be in a tight contact with the student and his/her parent/guardian so I can be aware that they are working with him/her at home. If this isn?t the case then I will pair this student up with another student after school, with myself, or with someone else that would be willing to give this student extra time.

Alexander the Great’s Legacy

Alexander the Great was one of the best generals the world has ever seen. His determination helped him spread the Greek culture (also called Hellenism) throughout his empire. In a short thirteen years, Alexander conquered the Persians and controlled one of the biggest empires in history. Lead by his fathers prejudice against the Persians and notorious temperament has lead many historians to wonder, was Alexander really great? Alexander's first battle was with the Persians at Granicus River in 334 B. C. E. By the following spring, Alexander controlled the entire western half of Asia minor. The Persian king, Darius the third, tried to stop Alexander but failed at Issus in 333 B. C. E. After his victory Alexander then turned south and by the winter of 332 B. C. E, Alexander controlled Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. In 331 B. C. E Alexander once again fought the Persians at Gaugamella in the Northwest of Babylon. After his victory Alexander entered the Persian capitols of Susa and Persepolis and plundered all of the gold and treasures of the city. Not satisfied with his victory over Persia, Alexander continued to pursue the Persian king Darius the third only to find that he had been killed by one of his own men. This lead Alexander to turn east to India. Exhausted and weary of yet another battle, Alexanders men mutinied against him and forced him to retreat from India. Alexander had created one the biggest empires the world has seen, but unable to leave an heir, it fell just as quickly as it rose after his death at the age of 32. Some speculated that fever or excessive alcohol consumption lead to his death, others believe that he was poisoned. Weather he had plans for a world empire are unknown, but in his fathers final wishes he reported to tell Alexander to † expand your empire for the one I left you is not enough. † Was Alexander really great? Alexander was a self proclaimed decedent of the Gods, claiming that he was related to Hercules. He was known to murder close Friends and advisers if they opposed his wishes and had a ferocious temper. By the end of his reign, Alexander has slaughtered thousand whose only crime was being in his way. His temperament leads one to believe that his armies succeeded for fear of Alexander rather than his leadership. However, Alexander's legacy was profound. He destroyed the Persian empire and and spread Hellenism throughout the lands. Without Alexander, the Greek culture would have fell and died alongside the empire. References: 1. â€Å"Alexander the Great†. Joseph Cortelli. Historyofmacedonia. org Web. 13 July, 2013 2. William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel. Cengage Learning: World Civilizations 1. 2009 Manson, Ohio.

Propaganda and Censorship essays

Propaganda and Censorship essays The Nazi=s used many different types of propaganda and used various methods to censor. These included, the press, the radio, loud speakers, books, theatre, art and music, rallies and campaigns and films. In the press nonNazi newspapers and magazines were closed down and taken over. Goebbels also told editors what they could and could not print. All of the radio stations were placed under Nazi control and cheap massproduced radios were sold. These radios were even installed in cafes and factories. Loud speakers were placed in the streets to broadcasts speeches by Hitler and broadcast proNazi plays and stories. In the cultural side of things, many writers, artists and composers were persuaded or forced to create works in praise of Hitler and the Third Reich. All journalists were banned and thousand of Jewish or anti Nazi books were destroyed in public book burnings, 1933. Jazz music was banned because it was organised and mainly played by black people. Many modern arts were declared *degenerate= and art galleries were forced to get rid of it. Rallies and Campaigns took place. There were annual mass rallies at Nuremberg and In 1936 there was and Olympic Games in Berlin, used to distract the public also, for propaganda purposes. Spectacular parades were held on other special occasions. There were local rallies, marches and fundraising campaigns led by the SA. They also had a clever use of poster campaigns. In Germany the cinema was very popular. Over 100 German (Nazi) films were made a year. All film plots has to be shown to Goebbels before production. Political films were made. Love stories and Thrillers given to pronazi slants. The Importance of the Army in Nazi Germany. Both Hitlers attempted coups were put down by the army and he knew that it was only the German Army that had the power to overthrow him. The Reich War Ministe ...

How to blast through word counts †and get your writing speed up to 1,000 words an hour

How to blast through word counts – and get your writing speed up to 1,000 words an hour How to blast through word counts – and write 1,000 words an hour Word counts are a feature common to business and academic writing alike. ITTs (invitations to tender) commonly specify a word limit for key sections. And while an essay or a doctoral thesis usually come with a word minimum, the reality is that it quickly becomes a target. On the face of it, that should be fine. In practice, it’s often where the problems start. The trouble is that numbers are a distraction, which is one thing you definitely don’t need when you’re trying to produce an important document. How big this distraction is depends on the size of the word target. If numbers are off-putting, big numbers can be paralysing. Watching the figure at the bottom of your screen creep up in ones or twos can easily become a fixation that displaces creativity and original thought. It’s like watching the clock in an exam hall tick by while staring in vain at a question you can’t answer. Fortunately, there is an easy way to tackle this. And, like the problem itself, the answer lies in the way your brain works. Step away from the pain The first step is to realise that we all deal with big, scary numbers all the time. We just don’t notice it. In a typical working day, you somehow manage to fill up around 1,000 minutes (assuming you get up at 6.30am and your head finally hits the pillow at around 11 at night). What you don’t do is tackle them second by second. Just as well, as there are 60,000 of them in that same working day – that’s over 15 MILLION waking seconds every year, not counting weekends. Next, let’s overcome another mental stumbling block – the fact that we know writing is often a complex task. Well, you deal with other complex tasks all the time. Getting through a typical day is actually pretty complex, if you think about it. Even an hour’s commute involves many actions and decisions that, if you considered them as a whole, would seem overwhelming. (Which route do I take? Shall I use the bus or the train? Which train shall I catch? Shall I get a coffee? What type of coffee? You get the picture.) Shift your focus to the content Focusing on a big, scary word count will just make it scarier and scarier. But it’s the act of focusing that’s perhaps the biggest thing making it scary. The most important thing is not the number, it’s the content. The more you focus on the number, the less productive you’re likely to be (often because you’re not writing but thinking and worrying about writing). Not only that, but focusing on the number can dramatically reduce the quality of your output. You end up just counting words, rather than really thinking about whether each word deserves its place in your document. Filling each page becomes your priority, with the result that – if you’re not careful – you end up using longer phrases than you need to, just to pad it out. (Why use ‘helped produce’ when ‘facilitated the production of’ gets you twice as many words?) Counting words reduces each one down to a base value. In an 80,000 word thesis, that value is just 1/80,000 of the final document. This doesn’t only make you casual with the words you choose. It’s also utterly demoralising. Say you have a productive day and produce a thousand words. Not just any thousand words, but a thousand words of engaging prose that will provide real value to your intended audience. When you finish, you sit back and bask in the glow of a job well done. But that glow lasts all of about 15 seconds (if you’re lucky). Taking its place at that point is a kick in the guts, as you realise that you’ve still got 79,000 words to go. Cue depression, demotivation and – probably – paralysing writer’s block. Fortunately, there is another way: forget about the number altogether. I realise that’s easier said than done: you can’t not think of something by trying not to think about it. (If you don’t believe me, try not thinking of a pink elephant now that I’ve put the idea in your head.) But you can take advantage of a quirk of the human brain, which means that you can’t consciously think about more than one thing at the same time. (Multitasking is a myth: deep down, it’s just switching back and forth between tasks, albeit perhaps very quickly.) That means you can forget your Big Scary word count by thinking about something else. Channel your thoughts It also holds the key to transforming your productivity. Because you can dramatically increase how many words you produce by thinking about the information itself, the people who will read what you write, or switching between the two. That in itself is a lot of thinking. So first, you need to separate your research from your writing. Research, thinking and writing all go hand in hand, but they’re not the same thing. Confusing them and trying to do all three at the same time only invites trouble. So turn your attention to the topic in hand and think about it for a few seconds. This is vital if you’re going to write anything valuable and informative. (Although it’s surprising how many documents are apparently produced by focusing on something less important – such as a template or model structure. Believe me, it shows.) I realise that thinking often feels neither productive nor like ‘real work’. To make it feel more concrete, grab a notebook and start scribbling down some ideas about what you might include in the document itself. Don’t worry too much about the words you use or forming them into sentences. Don’t even worry if the ideas are any good. These are just for your use only. Do them in a real-world notebook though, with a pen or pencil (remember those?), rather than on a screen. As you do so, you’ll start to notice gaps in your knowledge, which you can use to direct your research. And as you do more research, you’ll generate more ideas, which you then scribble down in your notebook. It’s a virtuous circle. (I call it the research cycle.) After a while, you’ll have enough information to start to map out a structure. When you get stuck, just think about the reader and what they’re likely to need to know or be interested in. (Note that those are often not the same thing.) In fact, do that even if you’re not stuck. Stepping into your readers shoes is vital if you’re to avoid the risk of writing something that’s of limited value – value that’s perhaps even limited solely to you. Separate out topic ‘chunks’ Then use the same technique to generate ideas and notes for each part of the structure. To make this easier, break down the structure into easily manageable chunks. ‘Manageable’ in this case could just be one mini-topic that produces only three or four paragraphs at first. But if you take five to ten minutes to scribble down the information you’re going to include in those paragraphs (deleting or adding to it based on your knowledge of your reader), you’ll find that ideas start coming thick and fast. The writing part then becomes very, very easy. Just start writing, based on your notes, to produce a few paragraphs. What you’re doing is ‘blocking out’ the information, separating completely from the writing process. The idea is that you get the information down in a form (ie scribbles) that makes it very difficult for you to slip into self-criticism. You can rearrange the notes first, if you need to. Post-it notes might help here. But don’t over-engineer the method and turn it into another distraction. (Just drawing arrows or giving sections numbers might be safer in this respect.) And resist the temptation to edit as you go. Instead, leave each draft section for a few days – or the entire document if it’s fairly short – and edit it in a few days’ time. You’ll be amazed at how many new ideas and improvements you can make then, once you’re viewing it as an editor rather than a writer. (Again, you can’t be both at the same time.) Make it a daily habit This technique works well for one-off documents. But where it really comes into its own is if you make it a daily practice. Because doing that will give you a skill that you can use throughout your career. (The ability to produce original documents quickly and fearlessly is a rare and extremely valuable one.) You’ll have off days, but those are all just part of the process of adjustment. Think of it as building up your writing muscles. As you adjust to the pace, you’ll find yourself getting faster and faster. As you practice, you’ll also start to build up an impressive volume of work. It’s easily possible to produce thousands of words a day with this method. You can use it to write a management report, a term paper, a tender for a contract or a PhD thesis. It works especially well for blog posts too: I wrote the first draft of this post in less than an hour, after 30 minutes of scribbling in my notebook. (I know this because I did it sitting in a London museum that restricts free WiFi access to 60 minutes, but also because I timed it. The original word count was just under 1,200 words. It took exactly 57 minutes and 17 seconds.) Give it a try. Just remember not to think of that pink elephant. Image credit: MP_P / Shutterstock

2nd grade math lesson plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

2nd grade math lesson plan - Assignment Example The analyzed issues involve; goals, constraints and relationships (Walle, 2013). The analysis aims at planning the solution pathway, instead of only directly illustrating the answer. The mathematically proficient learners adequately understand the correspondences involving equations, tables, graphs, trends. The key learning objective for the mathematics lesson is; to enhance the proficiency in addition and subtraction. The students will apply their understanding of addition and subtraction to improve calculation fluency within 100. One example of this is 20+40=60; another example is 50-10=40. The students are also expected to analyze problems within 1000, by applying addition and subtraction models. The academic language involves grammar, examples and discussions. The grammar aspects give the learners adequate understanding of the mathematical signs (Johannes, 2013). The = sign illustrates that two value sets are equal. For instance 4+7=11, illustrates that the sum of 4 and 7 totals to 11. The sign > illustrates that one number is greater than another number of set of numbers. For example, 20-5>10 denotes that the difference between 20 and 5 is greater than the 10 value. The learning target and also environment is student friendly. The discussion sessions enables the students to analyze the path to answers, in line with the instructions of the teacher. The learners are also greatly encouraged to ask questions, especially in areas that are confusing. This enhances understanding, as the teacher is then the opportunity to further elaborate on the pathways to reaching the solution. Formative assessment is applied during the lesson. The teacher assesses students understanding through mostly applying questions. The students are given questions, and then through class discussions the pathways to the solutions are discussed (Alphonso, 2013). Another aspect of evaluation entails given quizzes during the course of

Pd film Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pd film - Movie Review Example The primary character in this case is Max Klein, one of the survivors after the plane crash. On realizing that the plane is on a crash course and there is minimal chance of survival, he gets comfortable with the idea that his life is going to be ended. In this situation, Max did not want it to be that he was the only one. This is because there were a whole lot of passengers who were scared by the situation at hand. It is at this point that we see the power of thought and the belief system, which a person has, working for them. Max is of the opinion that he is going to die and he has willingly accepted the fact. In this same case, he offers the other passengers a semblance of consolation. The other way through which this event seems to have changed the life of Max is by letting him do away with some of the fears, which he had. In this case, the fear, which is in question, is the fear of flying. This is something, which is exhibited when he declines the tickets, which were offered to him for the purpose of transport to San Francisco. He clearly states that he does not fear flying anymore. What this shows to the normal person is that it is of the essence to let of the fears, which act as barriers to the development of a person. The reason for this is that it may be difficult for the individual in question to make any significant progress in his or her life. This is simply because he or she is tied to the fears, which he or she seems to be having in his or her life. The happenings in the film also point out to the viewers that it is very important to be people who live for the moment and enjoy the pleasures which life has to offer. This is a fact, which was highlighted when Max met up with Alison, his high school sweetheart. Initially, it is realized that he had an allergy for strawberries. However, upon their meeting, Alison notes that max is eating strawberries. She questions this and the answer gives is that Max had gotten past his