Teenage Consumers - 726 Words

Individual Marketing Research and Promotional Message Paper Corey Jones PST/322 March 3, 2014 Professor Don Crabtree Consumer needs, attitudes and perceptions are constantly changing and vary all throughout life. People go through phases, moods, and growth that cause their desires to evolve with them. One phase of life that everybody goes through is the years of being a teenager. Teenagers are people who are going through a time in their life where they are trying to discover themselves, and establish their identity as an individual. This can be particularly difficult for marketing research professionals when it comes to communicating with teens, because many of these teenagers want to be ‘different,’ yet still be accepted by†¦show more content†¦Their attitude is that of someone seeking approval and following examples of those they admire, particularly a celebrity. And finally they perceive celebrities as the people whom they should seek advice from. Due to the teenagers constantly seeking approval and being perceived as acting or looking ‘cool,’ marketers can use this to their advantage. Marketers can use perception in their marketing campaigns to appeal to the desires of teenagers. Marketers can convince teenagers that the attitudes regarding what they believe to be as needs are something that they cannot live without. Delivering advertising communications to teenagers suggesting that living without a certain product or service is socially unacceptable and could potentially make them an outcast and unaccepted by their peers would be a great marketing technique. As previously established, one example of communicating to teens by using this marketing technique would be by using celebrity endorsements. If a celebrity that teens perceive as cool, attractive, and somebody they can identify with, they are going to listen to the message they have to offer. A second example of a marketing communication message that would make teenagers feel that they cannot live without a product would be to use social media. In today’s society teenagers are connected at all times with social media. Images and web designs on social media websites have been designed toShow MoreRelatedLargest Number of Consumers of Alcohol in the United States are Teenages556 Words   |  3 Pagesuniversally used and abused drug in the United States. An issue that continues to rise in today’s public health is alcohol use. Consuming alcohol in excessive amounts is not only a problem in the United States but worldwide as well. The largest number of consumers is teenagers. During this period of development, teens are faced with a multitude of pressures whether it’s trying to maintain good grades in school or perform well in sports. Teens may also be influenced by various factors that can lead to underageRead MoreThe Cult You re By Kalle Lasn1683 Words   |  7 Pagesa cult-like nature of consumer culture on Americans. Lasn uses the work ‘cult’ as a metaphor; he does not mean an actual cult but American consumers seem to be in a cult-like nature. The ideal example of Lasns argument is the text, â€Å"The man behind Abercrombie and Fitch†, Benoit Denizet-Lewis, goes in great depth of the life of the CEO, Mike Jeffries, of Abercrombie and Fitch. Denizet Lewis’s piece on Jeffries life displays how accurate Lasns claim is about American consumers in the cult-like atmosphereRead MoreThe Candie s Foundation Advertisement1727 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will analyze the Candie’s Foundation advertisement found in the Seventeen magazine. The advertisement is directed to the teenage audience, and its message is to avoid teenage pregnancy. The Candie’s Foundations is a non-profit organization that prevents teenage pregnancy by providing information and making campaigns. The advertisement will be examined by the use of logos, pathos, and ethos. These three different appeals will help to describe and understand each part placed in the advertisement Read MoreThe New York City Borough Of Manhattan1132 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Advocacy Program is the control of Teenage birth rate. Teenage pregnancy is a concern that needs to be addressed now for the sake of babies, the health of a newborn always depends on the health of the mother. Good health care for pregnant teenager begins with great satisfactory prenatal care, which begins in the first trimester of the pregnancy. Prenatal care is essential for monitoring the growth of the fetus and the health of the mother. Teenage mothers and their babies face a number ofRead MoreEssay on The Phenonmeon of The Teen Mom1110 Words   |  5 Pagesincarnation of MTVs number one rated reality mini-series 16 and Pregnant. The show documents the lives of four teenage mothers as they struggle to cope with the every day challenges, financial and emotional, a woman faces while raising her first infant child. All while trying to navigate through the journey of adolescence. Once catering primarily to the music oriented teenage consumer of the 1980s and 1990s, MTV has since reinvented itself as a reality television repository for tweens, teens andRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay examples1012 Words   |  5 PagesTeenage Pregnancy, Why is this Important Kimberly O. Johnson American Sentinel University Nursing 505: Theoretical Foundations Dr. Ami Bhatt December 30,2012 Teenage Pregnancy: Why is this Important Teen pregnancy is a critical public health issue that affects the health and educational, social and economic future of the mother and child. Teen pregnancy is also a significant factor in numerous other important social issues: welfare dependency, out-of-wedlock birthsRead MoreThe Morning After Pill Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pagesgetting worse with every generation. Despite attempts to educate children about sex, contraception and abstinence the rate of teen pregnancy is still extremely high. The emergency contraception pill, ECP, is a good solution for these pregnant teenage girls and for the United States tax payers. An argument that most people have is that the emergency contraception pill is an abortion pill, and should not be used to combat teen pregnancy. This assumption is not an accurate one. The emergencyRead MoreRoe Vs. Wade On Low Income Economies1325 Words   |  6 Pages Wade on low income economies. 4.1. Abortions This theory exemplifies the law of diminishing returns, as the original shock impact of lack of children is reduced as the effect becomes more and more normalized, and abortion decreases its own consumer base as time passes. Looking at the number of abortions since Roe, it quickly becomes evident that there is a definite decline in the rate of abortions before there is a decline in the number of abortions, because although abortion rates decreaseRead MoreEssay about The Phenonmeon of Teen Mom1606 Words   |  7 PagesTeen Mom II is the second incarnation of MTVs number one rated reality series 16 and Pregnant. The show documents the lives of four teenage mothers as they struggle to cope with the burden of childrearing in a financially demanding society while trying to navigate through the journey of adolescence. Once catering to a music oriented teenage consumer, MTV has reinvented itself as a teen reality television powerhouse, with many of its reality shows, including Teen Mo m II, consistently dominating inRead MoreTeen Pregnancy2338 Words   |  10 Pagesproblem? And what is being done to ensure a suitable life for the teens and the children born to them? With the numbers of teens becoming parents each year, the government has addressed the problem by creating organizations that make the life of a teenage parent no different than that of an average teenager. By doing this, the government is doing nothing to put a stop to the problem, but is encouraging it by saying â€Å"Hey you can have a kid and your life won‘t change one bit†. Ask yourself this: If teenagers

Effectiveness Of The Leadership Role And Performance Of...

The purpose of this report is to critically analyse the effectiveness of the leadership role and performance of John F Kennedy (from this point forward, known as JFK). To review JFK’s leadership style and his behaviour during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. Let us first look at a definition of leadership. According to Kruse (2013) â€Å"Leadership is a process of social influence, which maximises the efforts of others, towards the achievement of a goal†. In today’s world, leadership is all the more important as there is an ever changing environment with in the business world, and to gain the most out of this changing environment, a leader needs to be flexible and quick witted to ensure that they are maximising the potential of a situation. For this report, we have used the framework developed by Robbins (1997 as cited by DuBrin 2013) which analyses the effectiveness of leadership by looking at the Leader Characteristics, Leader Behaviour and Style, Group Member Characteristics, Internal and External Environment which all lead to Leadership Effectiveness. JFK was the 35th President of the United States of America (from this point on to be USA). He was in office from January 1931 until he was assassinated in November 1963. JFK was both the youngest President of the USA to be elected into office and the youngest President of the USA to die (Friedel Sidey). When looking at JFK’s reign as President of the USA and his leadership qualities throughout the thirteen days of TheShow MoreRelatedProject Management : A New Modern Architect Building999 Words   |  4 Pagesefficacious manner. The essay elaborate and addresses the importance, necessity and role of leadership, discussing how it works and ways to enhance the effectiveness of project teams. Salas, Dickinson, Converse and Tannenbaum (1992) stated a good definition of team as; A distinguishable set of two or more people interact, interdependently towards the common goal and mission, and have been assigned unique and specified role to perform, and who got a limited life span of membership. This refers to a higherRead MoreA Particular Leadership and Character Building Experience1123 Words   |  4 PagesA particular leadership and character building experience I would like to highlight is my 5-year participation in the Southwestern Company Sales Program while in college from age 16 through 20. As Independent Dealer and Student Manager, I successfully surmounted the obstacles distinctive of the program such as selling door to door; organizing my own business; working at least 75 hr. a week every week of the summer; recruiting, training and motivating my own team; and, at the same time, overcomingRead MoreDiversity in Western vs Eastern Transformational Leadership1342 Word s   |  6 PagesB.M. Bass developed a study in 1985 on leadership in the western world which focused on western leaders and how they influenced their subordinates. What he found was that leaders across organizations shared similar attributes. He referred to this style as â€Å"transformational leadership†. Through this style, leaders â€Å"inspire followers to transcend self-interest for the good of the organization and can have an extraordinary effect on their followers† (Robbins Judges, 2012:188). Bass discovered thatRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy said, â€Å"Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other† (Meliniotis, 2014).1400 Words   |  6 Pages John F. Kennedy said, â€Å"Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other† (Meliniotis, 2014). With healthcare changes taking place daily, nurse leaders must wear different hats on a daily basis. Nurses should have certain characteristics to succeed as a leader. Nurse leaders need to be flexible and able to adapt to various circumstances that pop up. While their primary focus may be on better patient outcomes, nurse leaders must also take into account the budget, cost effectiveness, patientRead MoreLeadership and Group Members2528 Words   |  11 PagesLeadership has been described as the â€Å"process of social influence in which one person is able to enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task†. A definition more inclusive of followers comes from Alan Keith of Genentech who said Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen. FUNCTIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY (Hackman amp; Walton, 1986; McGrath, 1962) is a particularly useful theory for addressing specificRead MoreEffectiveness of Formal Entrepreneurship Education Programmes in University Settings3378 Words   |  14 PagesEffectiveness of Formal Entrepreneurship Education Programmes in University settings: a Review of selected Literature ................................................................ Rifai A. R. M. John Mc Williams Deakin Business School Deakin University .............................................................. CONTACT: A. R. M. Rifai, PhD Candidate, Deakin Business School, Deakin University Australia. Mob: +61 4 30334388, Email: arif@deakin.edu.au Dr. John Mc Williams, SeniorRead MoreFuther5361 Words   |  22 Pagesmyrtle@usc.edu Office Hours: By Appointment Only Office Location: Lewis Hall 301e Course Description Application of principles of health administration in several practice settings. Decision making, strategic management, organizational performance, communication, and provider comparisons. Introduction This course is designed to be the capstone course for the Master of Health Services Administration degree. It assumes that the student is in the final semester of graduate work and hasRead MoreIndividual Reflection Paper on Your 5020 Group Experience4784 Words   |  20 Pagesreflection paper is a compilation of what Group or Team C, experience during the execution of the Group Project Paper on Goal Setting in Organizations within Burger King Corporation. The paper covers important topics such as how the group was formed, leadership, the evolution of the group/team over the term, group/team dynamics, group structure, team communication and Intergroup/intra-group conflict. This paper connects the individual experiences within group dynamics concepts presented in the courseRead MoreWalmart Business Model Study3993 Words   |  16 Pagesand Management, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK School of Management, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy School of Business Management, Ume a University, Umea, Sweden tomlee315@hotmail.com Abstract----This report explores the features and the role of business model of Walmart in creating and capturing value. A successful business model always links to its strategy, internal and external environment, technologies, management and value chain. The first part of this report introduces Walmart’sRead MoreHow Values Affect Individual and Organizational Behavior2675 Words   |  11 Pagessecurity in the terminal values of RVS. Individuals who entered the workforce from the mid 1960s through the mid- 1980s are labeled Boomers. Boomers were affected by the civil rights and Womens movements, the Vietnam War, the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, and Watergate. (Stephan, 2009) Baby Boomers were believed to be results driven, plan to stay for long term, and give maximum effort (Society of Human Resource Management, 2004). This cohort of worker sees value as

Simple Reasons Why Some People Can’t Write Essays Free Essays

There are some students, perhaps those that you may know, that can’t seem to write essays. There are some people that will seem to have it all down to a science, while some people will not know how to complete a full blown essay of any type. You’re going to find that there are a lot of reasons why this is prevalent. We will write a custom essay sample on Simple Reasons Why Some People Can’t Write Essays or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you’re looking at writing, and are having a hard time overall, you may want to look into a few reasons why some have a hard time. The following solutions will help you focus on how to get moving forward with the process of gaining the upper hand in writing essays. It’s going to focus on why some people can’t write, which will then help you correct mistakes that you may be facing off against. These are the simple reasons why some people can’t write essays, which should help you gain the upper hand. Once you know what to work on, you will be able to address those things and correct them moving forward. Ideas Don’t Come Quickly Some people have a hard time brainstorming ideas and topics. Some don’t really know what to write about or where to even start. Even with a simple prompt, many people aren’t sure how to develop the ideas that an essay requires. In academia, there’s a lot of focused solutions that come through, and finding a way to organize the right ideas into a narrative that works is tough, to say the least. Narrowing down the options is difficult enough, but getting to a point where you’re working on one thesis statement and then creating proper annotated essay elements can become a struggle, which causes many writers to give up before they even get too far in the writing process. Many Students Don’t Outline The process of writing an essay should not be done by sitting down at a word processor and going forward. That’s the mistake a lot of students make, and it’s not a good thing. To master essay writing, you have to focus on outlining, and creating ideas that are easy to work with after the fact. Sitting down and trying to write is not going to help forward progress, it’s just too difficult to do that. Many students try to do that, but end up losing focus because they don’t have a path towards the finish line, which is why outlines matter so much. Students Don’t Like Editing A lot of students fail at working well with writing essays because there’s an editing process that many don’t like. Editing means changing things, and facing off against writing options that aren’t very good to run through. Students often assume that the writing process takes one major push, and that’s it. But that’s not true. In order to sustain the path of good academic writing, a student has to write a rough draft, then edit it down and consolidation ideas to fit the format of the prompt. In some cases, over extending the writing is not a good thing, which is why editing is so important. Students often don’t like to edit, because it feels like they are erasing the hard work that they’ve been working through. Reading Comprehension Is Rough For some individuals, the process of reading and comprehending different view points can be difficult to manage. To the point where writing an essay can become somewhat difficult. Writing an essay is made even more difficult when you have to cite sources, and comprehend what others have done within certain academic criteria. Reading comprehension is one thing, but taking the information that one has read and then rewriting, citing it, and creating a greater push forward regarding the writing process can be a bit difficult. Length and Word Counts Are Intimidating There are some students that look at the prompts and word counts associated with essays and become intimidated by them. There are some essays that aren’t that long, only around 500 to 1000 words. However, there are some options that require a lot longer of a push. For instance, graduate study work could need upwards of 10,000 words, and they all need to be cited in certain style. Citations and references alone could be several pages, and that’s not including the actual essay formatting. Length and word counts can easily be intimidating when a writer finds that they have been working for hours, and may only have around 700 or 800 words. Crafting long form essays can be daunting for the novice, and for others, it could be a major hurdle that they cannot seem to overcome with relative ease. Waiting Too Long To Start The moment that an essay is assigned, the student should chase the option to start working on it. Many students wait too long to start, and end up trying to cram all of the writing into one night. This is a mistake that many people make, and it becomes an impossible task to work out. Waiting too long to start is a bad idea because the editing process becomes difficult to manage, and it becomes even harder to work through ideas, thesis statements and more. Procrastination is the enemy of students, especially when it comes to writing essays of an academic format. Rushing Through The Process Some people can write a lot in a short time, but when it comes to proper formatting, and essay writing, they seem to find themselves lacking the appropriate time frame to work on the essay prompts. Rushing through the process, forgetting drafts, outlines, and editing is a part of the bigger problem as to why people can’t write proper essays and seem to have a difficult time progressing through a variety of different arenas. Writing essays is tough, but when you rush through any of the writing process, it becomes a lot more difficult to put together the appropriate structure. At the end of the day, there’s a lot of reasons why people can’t seem to write essays. The above are just some of the most common issues that people have. How to cite Simple Reasons Why Some People Can’t Write Essays, Essay examples

Iq Testing (594 words) Essay Example For Students

Iq Testing (594 words) Essay Iq TestingEdu psy 115 Individual differences There have been many studies of IQ measurement. Some believe in testing and then looking at biology or heritage of the child. These people also like to use statistics to try to put some sort of explanation on IQ levels. Then there are other groups that use cultural ecology. They study IQ by what effect the environment has on a child, and feel testing it is unfair to the child. The problem is that these two groups rarely come together to help each other. So there are big questions as to what IQ really is and how it should be measured. â€Å" At the very least, intelligence can be defined as the ability for complex thinking and reasoning.† Pg 47,Ceci, Ph.D. One thing shows in studies that intelligence can depend on the situation. A person can be a great thinker at the horse race and make a lot of money. But the same person would not begin to understand how Wall Street works. The major points of the article began with asking the reader to glance at a couple of diagrams on the page . The higher your IQ is the faster you can recognize the hidden character in the diagram. The second was IQ is affected by school attendance. The author felt that having a high IQ would influence a person’s decision to continue their education. But staying in school itself will elevate a persons IQ. Whenever a person decides not to stimulate themselves intellectually their IQ will fall. Even the few months over summer break students IQs go down. The third point was that IQ is not influenced by birth order. There was a notion for a number of years that the first-born was more intelligent, than the later siblings. This is not true, the fact is that people with higher IQs tend to have less children. This is because of the number of years spent in furthering their education; during the time they would be having children. So a family’s size does influence the IQ of the individual. The fourth point is IQ related to breast-feeding. Studies have shown that breast-feeding increases a child IQ points by 3-8 points by the age of three. It is felt that breast-feeding increases the immune system, and allows more energy to be put into the nervous system. This may make learning at an early age more likely. Studies have also shown that IQ points have risen by around 20 points a generation. If a child of today were given an IQ test from fifty years ago they would score at a genius level. While the IQ test of today would make the child of fifty years ago look â€Å" borderline mentally retarded.† Pg 50, Ceci Ph.D. This is not a genetic effect as much as an environmental effect. A child born today has better nutrition, more schooling, and a better education system. That includes state of the art computers, and the ability to find information in seconds. Doctor Stephan Ceci, Ph. D. is a very intelligent man and has many good points in this article. I really enjoyed reading about his take on the measurement of IQ. What I really liked was the way he considered many different sources, and never disregarded a theory because he disagreed. What I take away from this article is that everyone has the potential for greatness. It is only up to the individual how far they want to achieve. Psychology Essays

The Lost Symbol Review Essay Example

The Lost Symbol Review Paper Essay on The Lost Symbol Belief in anything by itself is not more religion. Faith, as they say, no dead case. Therefore, religion begins only where faith and, even more precisely, belief system reinforced by a cult behaviors and necessarily systematic. Otherwise the parishioners are zahozhanami or prohozhanami and scientific statistics the one that looks and evaluates, not wishful thinking, considering such Zakhozhaev not as true believers, as well as natural atheists . Unexpectedly, is not it? This spontaneous atheism knew example Belinsky (see. The letter to Gogol). And all this is because the faith, for example, in the heel of his own, well, or there some code does not fundamentally inferior to any other arbitrarily systematic fantasy, pagan, Christian Mixing religion with science sorry its like retrogradanaya amnesia. Although there are rational in this important moment interest: any social illusions of this sort of Russians are very in price from puppeteers for obvious reasons: it is easier to cop e with the electorate. While it is true noticed that both religion and science forms of social consciousness, but completely different, they are oriented in different ways: the first in the truth, and the second in the interests of different social groups: That old song, renunciation songs, tales about the joys of heaven, She lull silly people, that they did not ask for bread, I know the melody, I know the text and the authors know very well: They drank wine of the house, preaching in public water. Heinrich Heine (1797-1856). (Song of the beggar girl harpist. Translated by Levik) The Lost Symbol Review Essay Example The Lost Symbol Review Paper Essay on The Lost Symbol We must assume that the commercials in 2025. Roberg Langdon finally gets up to Russia. He was still in appearance can be given early forties (medicine marches forward by leaps and bounds, and the first at each step kicks course it Langdon, he might even have and rejuvenate years to thirty, but his occupation is too undignified views) at the beginning we will tell about the list of cities where already gone before the great adventurer Paris, Rome, Washington, Berlin, Istanbul, Beijing, Mexico city, Kyoto, etc. everywhere What to look for Robert ubiquitous in Russia? Well, lets say the notorious nuclear suitcase somewhere in the library of Ivan the Terrible To help him be the girl of average years, a major special on this most libraries a parallel course goes to the library during the fourth hour of the night a terrible maniac, embodies at once all the horrors of American housewives at a time (even then I just do not have enough imagination to imagine defer selection to the author ). First encounter maniac and Langdon occurs through Ghastlier slaughter (and do not think even that he deliberately waited for Roberts arrival in Moscow, not at all, just a coincidence) in the style of most of Ivan the Terrible (and let the fans of the fourth Vasilyevich continue to make noise, he was a kind-hearted people from America this just do not see) someone such. For maniac and Langdon, but always one step behind (the affair should be the place to be) should be the FSB in the face of Porfiry Petrovich. At the end there all along, apparently in the mausoleum, which is But no, we will not disclose all the secrets in advance But in the end what. Dan Browns new feature: the end is something along the length exceeding the epilogue of War and Peace, where we detail to tell the truth about the meaning of life and the general guide to the right path abruptly than any Coelho. It is a pity that while you can read only about Washington. But never mind, we hope that we have all come and Dan !!!

Ofdm-Based Cooperative Communications in a Single Path Relay Network and a Multiple Path Relay Network Essays

Ofdm-Based Cooperative Communications in a Single Path Relay Network and a Multiple Path Relay Network Essays Ofdm-Based Cooperative Communications in a Single Path Relay Network and a Multiple Path Relay Network Essay Ofdm-Based Cooperative Communications in a Single Path Relay Network and a Multiple Path Relay Network Essay In this thesis, we investigate cooperation by applying OFDM signals to cooperative relay networks. We consider the single path relay network and the multiple path relay network. Using the amplify-and-forward relay algorithm, we derive the input-output relations and mutual informations of both networks. Using a power constraint at each relay, we consider two relay power allocation schemes.The ? rst is constant gain allocation, where the amplifying gain used in the amplify-and-forward algorithm is constant for all subcarriers. The second is equal power allocation, where each subcarrier transmits the same power. The former scheme does not require CSI (channel state information), while the latter one does. We simulate the mutual informations using the two relay power allocation schemes. Results indicate that equal power allocation gives a slightly higher mutual information for the single path relay network. For the multiple path network, the mutual information is practically the same for both schemes.Using the decode-and-forward relay algorithm, we derive the inputoutput relations for both networks. The transmitter and each relay are assumed to have uniform power distributions in this case. We simulate the BER (bit error rate) and WER (word error rate) performance for the two networks using both the amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward relay algorithms. For the single path relay network, amplify-andforward gives very poor performance, because as we increase the distance between the transmitter and receiver (and thus, add more relays), more noise and channel distortion enter the system. Decode-and-forward gives signi? antly better performance because noise and channel distortion are eliminated at each relay. For the multiple path relay network, decode-and-forward again gives better performance than amplify-and-forward. However, the performance gains are small compared to the single path relay network case.Therefore, amplify-and-forward may be a more attractive choice due to its lower complexity. ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Wireless communication systems inherently su? er from multipath propagation and channel fading. Time diversity, space diversity, frequency diversity [8], and combinations of the three are traditionally used to combat these e? cts. More recently, relays situated between the transmitter and receiver are also being exploited to improve information transfer. The relays are a network of transceiver nodes between the transmitter and receiver that facilitate the transfer of information. Thus, the relay network as a whole is an equivalent channel between the transmitter and receiver. This type of scheme is known as cooperation or cooperative communications in the literature because the relay network is cooperating with the transmitter and receiver to improve performance.In this thesis, we consider cooperation in the context of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. 1. 1 Motivation The motivation for cooperati ve communications is obvious. Cellular phones, laptops and personal digital assistants (PDAs) are just three examples of wireless devices that are very prevalent today. These transceiver devices usually communicate independently from each other. As the authors in [6] note, this is wasting the broadcast nature of the wireless medium.For example, if a base station is communicating with a user’s cellular phone, his/her nearby laptop has the capability to receive the base station’s signals and relay them to the phone, improving the end-to-end performance of the base station-phone link. Unfortunately, laptops and cellular phones today are not designed this way. This illustration is an example of an ad-hoc network, where nodes spontaneously recognize each other and cooperate. In this thesis, we investigate structured networks, where each node knows the existence of all the other nodes a priori.Whether the nodes discover each other through an ad-hoc algorithm or they are pre- programmed to have this knowledge is beyond the scope 1 of this thesis. 1. 2 Related Literature The authors in [10], [11] have considered cooperation between intra-cell users in a code division multiple access (CDMA) cellular network. In this case, cooperation results in higher data rates and leads to lower power requirements for users. As well, the system is less sensitive to channel variations. Relaying of signals, as viewed from the physical layer, is not a trivial issue. The authors in [5], [6], [7] have provided several physical layer relay algorithms.These include amplifyand-forward, decode-and-forward and selection relaying. In amplify-and-forward, a node ampli? es its receive symbol, subject to a power constraint, before re-transmitting to the next node. This algorithm is obviously with low complexity. In decode-and-forward, a node fully decodes a symbol, re-encodes it and then re-transmits it. In other words, this scheme attempts to eliminate channel distortion and noise at each node. In selection relaying, a node only re-transmits a symbol if the measured receiving channel gain is above a certain threshold.If the threshold is not reached, the relay requests a re-transmission from the sender. In networking terminology, this is a type of automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheme. The authors in [6], [7] have investigated cooperation for the classical relay channel introduced in [1], [7]. Outage probability is used to characterize performance. Outage probability is the probability that the mutual information between the transmitter and receiver does not reach a certain throughput threshold. Without cooperation, the outage probability decays proportionally with 1/SNR, where SNR is the signal-to-noise ratio of the channel.Using cooperation and the amplify-and-forward scheme, the outage probability decays proportionally with 1/SNR2 , achieving full diversity. This results in large power savings for the transmitter. The authors in [3], [4] have investigated coo peration for a single path of relays connected in series. The motivation for this network structure is that broader wireless coverage can be achieved, while still maintaining a low power constraint at the transmitter. The authors consider analog relaying and digital relaying as two possible relay algorithms. These are 2 equivalent to the amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward algorithms, respectively.A power budget is considered where each packet travelling through the network is only allowed to consume a total ? xed amount of power. As well, each node has a certain transmit power limit. The outage probability is then minimized by allocating power among the relay network under these power constraints. This power allocation accounts for the channel conditions in the network in order to achieve the optimal outage probability. Simulations indicate that 2 dB of total power can be saved for 5 relays by using optimal power allocation instead of uniform power allocation. This is for th e decode-and-forward case.However, at high SNR values, the decode-and-forward case approximates the amplify-and-forward case. The authors in [13] have investigated cooperation for multiple paths of relays connected in parallel. In the conventional scheme, all relays participate using amplify-and-forward. This is called all-participate amplify-and-forward (AP-AF). The authors also consider an algorithm where only one relay is selected in the transmission to maximize the mutual information. This is called selection amplify-and-forward (S-AF). S-AF selects the relay which results in the maximum mutual information between transmitter and receiver.Simulations of outage probability indicate that 5 dB of SNR can be saved for 3 relays by using S-AF instead of AP-AF. The authors in [9] derive symbol error probabilities for multiple paths of relays. 1. 3 OFDM in Cooperative Communications In this thesis, we continue to investigate cooperation by applying OFDM signals to cooperative relay netw orks. We consider a single path relay network and a multiple path relay network. Using the amplify-and-forward relay algorithm, we derive the input-output relations and the mutual informations of both networks. Using a power constraint at each relay, we consider two relay power allocation schemes.The ? rst is constant gain allocation, where the amplifying gain used in the amplify-and-forward algorithm is constant for all subcarriers. The second is equal power allocation, where each subcarrier transmits the same power. We simulate the mutual informations using these two relay power allocations. Using the decode-and-forward relay algorithm, we derive input-output relations for both 3 networks. We simulate bit error rates (BERs) and word error rates (WERs) for the two networks using both the amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward relay algorithms. 1. 4Organization of Thesis The thesis is organized as follows. In Chapter 2, we consider the single path relay network in [3], [4]. In C hapter 3, we consider a modi? ed version of the multiple path relay network in [13] where the transmitter-receiver direct link is removed. Notice that these latter two relay con? gurations are series and parallel analogs of each other. As well, they do not involve a direct link between the transmitter and receiver. Finally, Chapter 4 concludes the thesis and provides future research directions. 4 CHAPTER II SINGLE PATH RELAY NETWORK 2. 1 2. . 1 Amplify-and-Forward System Model Figure 1 shows the single path relay network. In the ? gure, r0 is the transmitter, rm+1 is the receiver, and r1 , . . . , rm are m relay nodes connected in series forming a single path link between the transmitter and receiver. The relays perform amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying. We assume that OFDM with N subcarriers is used in the system. hk , . . . , hk (0) (m) (0) are the complex subchannel gains at the kth subcarrier in the link, for (m) k = 1 to N . nk , . . . , nk are the corresponding noises, which a re assumed to be mutually ndependent, zero-mean, circular symmetric complex Gaussians all with variance N0 B/N , where N0 is the power spectral density of the underlying continuous time noise process and B is the OFDM bandwidth of the system. Let pk = Ptot /N be the transmitter power on (l) the kth subcarrier, where Ptot is the net transmitter power. Let pk be the amplifying gain used in the amplify-and-forward algorithm at the lth relay, for l = 1 to m. The kth (0) receive symbol at rl is ampli? ed by pk before it is forwarded to the next node. (l) Let xk be the kth transmit symbol with zero mean and unit variance.Let yk be the kth receive symbol at the receiver. Using Figure 1, the input-output relation is (0) nk r1 nk hk (1) (m? 1) nk (m) rm+1 r0 hk (0) hk (m? 1) rm hk (m) Receiver Transmitter Figure 1: Single Path Relay Network 5 m yk = i=0 (i) hk (i) pk m xk + j=0 ? ? m (i) hk i=j+1 where we assume r i=q a(i) = 1 for q gt; r and any a(i) . We use this assumption throughout (i) (j) pk ? n k , ? (1) the rest of this paper. If we de? ne m hk = i=0 hk (i) pk , ? k = i=j+1 (i) (j) m hk (i) pk , (i) (2) ?k = and ?k (0)  ·  ·  · ? k (m) , nk = nk (0)  ·  ·  · nk (m) T , (3) wk = ? k nk , then (1) can be written as yk = hk xk + wk .Now, consider the variance of wk . Using (2), (3), and (4), we have Rw k w k ? = E [wk wk ] (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (i) (i) bk p k ? , = E ? k nk nH ? H k k = ? k E nk nH ? H k k = N0 B N m j=0 ? m where E [ ·] is the expectation operator, ( ·)? is the complex conjugate operator for a scalar, ( ·)H is the Hermitian (complex transpose) operator for a vector or matrix, and bk = hk (i) (i) 2 ? i=j+1 ? (9) , for i = 0 to m. Rwk wk is positive for a nonzero N0 . We de? ne a transformed version of the system in (5) ? yk = hk xk + wk , ? ? (10) 6 ? where yk = yk / Rwk wk , hk = hk / Rwk wk , and wk = wk / Rwk wk .The variances of wk ? ? ? and yk are ? E [wk wk ] = E ? = wk Rwk wk ? wk Rw k w k (11) (12) (13) Rw k w k Rw k w k = 1 and E [? k yk ] = E y ? hk xk + wk ? ? hk xk + wk ? ? (14) (15) ? ? = hk h? + 1 k = 1 Rw k w k m i=0 bk p k (i) (i) + 1, (16) ? ? respectively. The cross terms do not appear in (16) because hk , wk , and xk are mutually independent. Note that the transformed system has unit variance noise. 2. 1. 2 Mutual Information To derive the mutual information, note that the di? erential entropy of a circular symmetric complex Gaussian vector, v, with covariance matrix, K, is h (v) = log2 det (? eK) [2].When the circular symmetric complex Gaussian is a scalar, v, the di? erential entropy is 2 2 h (v) = log2 ? e? v , where ? v is the variance of v. Let Ik be the mutual information between the transmitter and receiver on the kth subcarrier Ik = h (? k ) ? h (wk ) y ? = log2 ? e = log2 1 Rwk wk 1 Rw k w k m i=0 m i=0 (17) bk p k bk p k (i) (i) (i) (i) +1 ? log2 (? e) (18) (19) +1 , where the ? rst equality comes from basic mutual information calculations [1]. The total mutual information betwe en the transmitter and receiver, I, is the sum of all Ik divided by N . That is, after substituting (9) into (19), we have I = 1 N NIk k=1 (20) 7 = 1 N N k=1 log2 ? 1 + SNR ? T ? ? bk (0) (i) (i) m i=1 bk pk (i) (i) m i=j+1 bk pk m j=0 , (21) where SNR = Ptot /N0 B. If we denote b(i) = for i = 0 to m and T b1 (i)  ·  ·  · bN (i) and p(i) = p1 (i)  ·  ·  · pN (i) T , (22) eN = 1  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 1 N ones , (23) then (21) can be written in matrix form. First, let m zsingle = b(0) ? ? i=1 b(i) ? p(i) where the ? and ? operators both represent element-wise matrix multiplication and the ? /? ? m j=0 ? m i=j+1 b(i) ? p(i) , (24) ?/ operator represents element-wise matrix division. Then, (21) in matrix form is I= 1 T e log2 eN + SNR zsingle , N N (25) here log2 ( ·) of a vector is the vector of the logarithms of the vector’s entries. 2. 1. 3 Relay Power Allocation We assume that the net transmit power at the transmitter and at each each relay is Ptot . At the transmit ter, we assume a uniform power distribution, that is, pk (0) = Ptot /N . To (l) derive the power constraint at each relay and thus, possible power allocations, consider vk , the kth transmit symbol of rl vk = (l) (l) pk ? ? l? 1 i=0 N hk (i) pk (l) 2 (i) l? 1 xk + j=0 ? ? l? 1 i=j+1 hk (i) (i) (j) pk ? n k ? . ? ? (26) The constraint is Ptot = k=1 N E ? vk . Thus, l? 1 j=0 (l) (0) P Ptot = pk ? k tot N k=1 l? 1 i=1 bk p k (i) (i) N0 B + N ? ? l? 1 i=j+1 (i) (i) bk pk (27) 8 or pk ? (0) bk N k=1 N (l) ? l? 1 i=1 (i) (i) bk p k Note that (28) is de? ned recursively. The power constraint for pk depends on pk , . . . , pk pk is the base case in the recursion, which follows from (28), when l = 1. (1) 1 l? 1 ? l? 1 (i) (i) b p = 1. + SNR j=0 i=j+1 k k (l) ? (28) (1) (l? 1) . (l) One power allocation at the lth relay is to set pk constant for all subcarriers. This results in moving pk in (28) out of the summation because it is no longer a function of k pk,ct = pct = (l) (l) (l) N SNRN k=1 ? We call this constant gain allocation (CT). Note that this power allocation does not require each relay to have any CSI (channel state information). The lth relay only has to multiply its entire OFDM receive symbol by a constant, pct , such that the total transmit power is (l) ?SNRb(0) k l? 1 i=1 (i) (i) bk pct l? 1 + j=0 ? ? l? 1 i=j+1 (i) (i) bk pct . (29) Ptot . We call constant gain capacity, Cct , as the mutual information in (25) resulting from this power allocation. A second power allocation is to choose pk such that every subcarrier transmits the same power at the lth relay.The transmit power on the kth subcarrier is the kth summand on the right hand side of (27). Since they are all equal to Ptot /N , we have Ptot (l) (0) P = pk,eq ? bk tot N N pk,eq = SNRbk (0) (l) (l) ? l? 1 i=1 (i) (i) bk pk,eq N0 B + N l? 1 j=0 ? ? l? 1 i=j+1 or (i) (i) bk pk,eq (30) SNR l? 1 i=1 bk pk,eq (i) (i) l? 1 + j=0 ? ? l? 1 i=j+1 We call this equal power allocation (EQ). Note that this power allocation does require each relay to have the CSI of its upstream channels. We call equal power capacity, Ceq , as the mutual information in (25) resulting from this power allocation. 2. 1. 4 Capacity Simulations k pk,eq ? (i) (i) ?. (31) We simulate Cct and Ceq assuming that all distances between any two adjacent transceiver nodes are the same. Therefore, all path loss e? ects are normalized to 0 dB. Shadowing 9 between nodes is assumed to be log-normally distributed. That is, the received power gain due to shadowing in dB is a zero-mean Gaussian with variance of 8 dB, which is typical for cellular land mobile applications [12]. We model frequency selective fading e? ects as Typical Urban (TU) channels and Hilly Terrain (HT) channels [12]. We use an OFDM bandwidth of 800 kHz divided into N = 128 equal blocks.Maintaining OFDM orthogonality, this translates into an OFDM symbol period of Ts = 160  µs. Results are shown in Figures 2 and 3. The plots exhibit the familiar monot onically increasing shape for mutual information in the case of direct transmission between a transmitter and receiver. This is expected if we look at the mutual information in (25). We can think of this con? guration as still being direct transmission where the channel is the single path relay network, characterized by zsingle . Note that zsingle also determines the power allocations in the relays.In other words, (25) is a system level representation of the mutual information. As we increase the distance between the transmitter and receiver (and thus, add more relays), more noise and channel distortion enter the system. Consequently, the mutual information decreases. Equal power allocation results in a slightly higher mutual information than that of constant gain allocation. TU channels and HT channels give very similar results. 2. 2 2. 2. 1 Decode-and-Forward System Model In decode-and-forward (DF), each relay fully recovers the information bits (with possible errors) after receiv ing an OFDM symbol.It then converts the information bits back into an OFDM symbol and then transmits it. The transmitter and all the relays transmit with the same uniform power distribution. That is, pk = pk = for k = 1 to N and for l = 1 to m. (l) (0) Let xk be the kth transmit symbol from the transmitter and xk be the kth transmit (m+1) be the symbol from the lth relay, all with with zero mean and unit variance. Let yk (0) (l) Ptot , N (32) 10 8 7 8 Cct Ceq 7 Cct Ceq Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (a) m=1 8 7 8 SNR (dB) (b) m=2 Cct CeqCct Ceq 7 Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (c) m=3 SNR (dB) (d) m=4 Figure 2: Capacity in a single path relay network with TU channels using AF. N = 128, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4. 11 8 7 8 Cct Ceq 7 Cct Ceq Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (a) m=1 8 7 8 SNR (dB) (b) m=2 Cct Ceq Cct Ceq 7 Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Capacity (bits/s/Hz) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (c) m=3 SNR (dB) (d) m=4Figure 3: Capacity in a single path relay network with HT channels using AF. N = 128, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4. 12 output 1 input output 2 output 3 Figure 4: Convolutional encoder. kth receive symbol at the receiver and yk be the kth receive symbol at the lth relay. Using (l) Figure 1, the input-ouput relation at the lth relay is yk = hk (l) (l? 1) Ptot (l? 1) (l? 1) + nk . x N k (33) The input-output relation at the receiver is yk (m+1) = hk (m) Ptot (m) (m) + nk . x N k (34) 2. 3 BER and WER Simulations We simulate bit error rates (BERs) and word error rates (WERs) for both the amplify-andforward and decode-and-forward cases.At the transmitter (and at the transmitter structure of a relay using decode-and-forward), each information word contains 83 bits. Using the convolutional encoder shown in Figure 4, the information word is encoded into a 255 bit codeword. A zero bit is padded at the end to make 256 bits. The bits are then interleaved and modulated onto N = 128 QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) subcarriers to form one OFDM symbol. At the receiver (and at the receiver structure of a relay using decodeand-forward), the codeword is recovered (with possible errors) using a matched ? lter and 13 deinterleaving.A Viterbi decoder is used to decode the codeword. Both hard decisions and soft decisions are used. We assume that all distances between any two adjacent transceiver nodes are the same. Therefore, all path loss e? ects are normalized to 0 dB. Shadowing is assumed to be lognormally distributed. That is, the received power gain due to shadowing in dB is a zero-mean Gaussian with variance of 8 dB, which is typical for cellular land mobile applications [12]. We model frequency selective fading as Typical Urban (TU) channels and Hilly Terrain (HT) channels [12]. We use an OFDM bandwidth of 800 kHz divided into N = 128 equal blocks.Maintaining OFDM orthogonality, this translates into an OFDM symbol period of Ts = 160  µs. 2. 3. 1 Amplify-and-Forward The BER versus SNR and WER versus SNR plots for a single path relay network with TU channels using amplify-and-forward are shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. The corresponding plots for HT channels are shown in Figures 7 and 8, respectively. As expected, soft decisions in Viterbi decoding give better performance than hard decisions. In particular, there is up to 4 dB of SNR gain for the constant gain allocation and m = 1 case, as shown in Figures 5(a), 6(a), 7(a), and 8(a).In general, using hard decisions with constant gain allocation results in the worst performance. Soft decisions with equal power allocation gives the best performance, except for the m = 1 case, where soft decisions with constant gain allocation is slightly better. As w e increase the distance between the transmitter and receiver (and thus, add more relays), more noise and channel distortion enter the system. Consequently, the error rate (BER and WER) performance becomes worse and as a result, all four curves are very close together at low to medium SNR values. TU channels and HT channels give very similar results. . 3. 2 Decode-and-Forward The BER versus SNR and WER versus SNR plots for a single path relay network with TU channels using decode-and-forward are shown in Figures 9 and 10, respectively. The 14 10 0 10 0 10 ?1 10 ?1 BER 10 ?2 BER hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?2 10 ?3 10 ?3 10 ?4 10 ?4 hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (a) m=1 10 0 SNR (dB) (b) m=2 10 0 10 ?1 10 ?1 BER 10 ?2 BER ard, constant gain allocati on hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?2 10 ?3 10 ?3 10 ?4 10 ?4 hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (c) m=3 SNR (dB) (d) m=4 Figure 5: BER in a single path relay network with TU channels using AF. N = 128, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4. 15 10 0 10 0 WER 10 ?1 WER hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 1 10 ?2 10 ?2 hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (a) m=1 10 0 SNR (dB) (b) m=2 10 0 WER 10 ?1 WER hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?1 10 ?2 10 ?2 hard, constant gain alloc ation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (c) m=3 SNR (dB) (d) m=4 Figure 6: WER in a single path relay network with TU channels using AF.N = 128, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4. 16 10 0 10 0 10 ?1 10 ?1 BER 10 ?2 BER hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?2 10 ?3 10 ?3 10 ?4 10 ?4 hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (a) m=1 10 0 SNR (dB) (b) m=2 10 0 10 ?1 10 ?1 BER 10 ?2 BER hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?2 10 ?3 10 ?3 10 4 10 ?4 hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR ( dB) (c) m=3 SNR (dB) (d) m=4 Figure 7: BER in a single path relay network with HT channels using AF. N = 128, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4. 17 10 0 10 0 WER 10 ?1 WER hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?1 10 ?2 10 ?2 hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24SNR (dB) (a) m=1 10 0 SNR (dB) (b) m=2 10 0 WER 10 ?1 WER hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?1 10 ?2 10 ?2 hard, constant gain allocation hard, equal power allocation soft, constant gain allocation soft, equal power allocation 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (c) m=3 SNR (dB) (d) m=4 Figure 8: WER in a single path relay network with HT channels using AF. N = 128, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4. 18 10 0 10 0 hard soft ?1 ? 1 hard soft 10 10 BER 10 ?2 BER 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?2 10 ?3 0 ?3 10 ?4 10 ?4 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (a) m=1 10 0 SNR (dB) (b) m=2 10 0 hard soft ?1 ? 1 hard soft 10 10 BER 10 ?2 BER 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?2 10 ?3 10 ?3 10 ?4 10 ?4 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 SNR (dB) (c) m=3 SNR (dB) (d) m=4 Figure 9: BER in a single path relay network with TU channels using DF. N = 128, m = 1, 2, 3, and 4. corresponding plots for HT channels are shown in Figures 11 and 12, respectively. As expected, soft decisions in Viterbi decoding give better performance than hard decisions. In particular, there is up to 5 dB of SNR gain, as shown in the plots.As we increase the distance between the transmitter and receiver (and thus, add more relays), more noise and channel distortion enter the system. However, the error rate (BER and WER) performance su? ers only slightly as m increases. TU channels and HT channels give very similar results. 2. 3. 3 Comparison The BER versus SNR and WER versus SNR plots for a single path relay network with TU channels using amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward are shown in Figures 13 and 19 10 0 10 0 hard soft hard soft WER 10 ?1 WER 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 10 ?1 10 ?2 10 ?2

Describing Arizona SB1070(2010) Base on Political Conservatives View Essay

Describing Arizona SB1070(2010) Base on Political Conservatives View - Essay Example Liberal Beliefs. n.d.). Based on many debatable facts, the conservatives hugely support SB 1070 and describe it as positive step towards the betterment of the sate. The Fountain Hills State Representative, John Kavanagh is a strong advocate of Arizona SB 1070 and explains that the illegal immigrants are a significant problem. With considerable numbers of illegal immigrants within a population of 6 million in Arizona, we also look at the children eligible for availing government services (e.g. education). Since they were born here and are more deserving for these services, it becomes increasingly assuring that illegal immigrants should be driven out (Murphy 2012). Conservative Southern part of Tucson and Cochise County Representative, Ted Vogt has also described Arizona SB 1070 as being positive step since he believes reduced spending from the Government towards illegal immigrants is really important for the economy and the SB 1070 advocates this. Citing an official Government website, he had stated that the illegal immigration has costed to be around 900 million to 2 billion. The issue of illegal immigrants sweeping majority of the workforce also sparked some reservations which led to Arizona SB 1070 being supported. Russell Pearce’s support for SB 1070 is reflected when he stated that he believed that the illegal immigrants were reducing job opportunities for legal immigrants (Murphy 2012). The conservatives are also speaking in the favour of Arizona SB 1070 because; they believe that the crime is more rampant amongst the illegal immigrants. Representative Kavanagh made substantial claims using ‘Center for Immigration Studies report’ that, 8.9% of the population constitutes of illegal immigrants and are held responsible for 21.8% of the crime taking place in Maricopa city. Based on his experience doing an internship at US attorney